These cycles were selected because they contain complete data necessary for calculating the OBS as well as testosterone measurements. This study analyzed data from three NHANES survey cycles (2011–2012, 2013–2014, and 2015–2016). As such, it serves as a valuable resource for generating evidence and references to inform public health policies aimed at disease prevention. Each antioxidant works through unique biochemical pathways to support testosterone production and endocrine stability. Targeted antioxidants can help the body combat free radical damage, reduce inflammation, and protect hormone-producing cells. This hormonal miscommunication further suppresses testosterone levels. When this system is impaired, the body may struggle to maintain normal testosterone levels, leading to symptoms like fatigue, low libido, mood swings, and decreased physical performance. When unchecked, these radicals damage cellular structures, including impaired sperm DNA damage, as well as damage to proteins and lipids essential to hormone production and signaling. From energy and muscle mass to mood, libido, and cognitive clarity, hormones, particularly testosterone, govern nearly every biological process in the male body. The two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to compare the group×time interaction of TMSC, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and total testosterone values of the groups. Of the 100 infertile men, 50 received oral antioxidant supplements once a day for 6 months and were considered as the treatment group, and 50 received no treatment and were considered as the control group. The study participants were subjected to sperm test after 3–5 days of sexual abstinence, and their blood samples were collected between 8 and 10 a.m. The study included 100 infertile men who had presented to male infertility outpatient clinics. By contrast, endurance exercises like cycling for hours or running marathons can actually reduce your testosterone level. Building muscle mass triggers your body to produce testosterone. It's taken for many conditions, including anxiety and insomnia, and to improve male fertility. Exogenous melatonin advances the ram breeding season and increases testicular function. Protective action of melatonin on diabetic rat testis at cellular, hormonal and immunohistochemical levels. A european carotenoid database to assess carotenoid intakes and its use in a five-country comparative study. Effect of brown seaweed lipids on fatty acid composition and lipid hydroperoxide levels of mouse liver. Sexual maturity and fertility-related measures in young Nellore bulls receiving long-term dietary supplementation with rumen-protected polyunsaturated fatty acids. Effects of different dietary n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios on boar reproduction. Tsuji PA, Walle T. Cytotoxic effects of the dietary flavones chrysin and apigenin in a normal trout liver cell line. Writing—original draft preparation, L.J.M. and M.T.; writing—review and editing, L.J.M. and M.T.; funding acquisition, L.J.M. and M.T. Although numerous polyphenols demonstrate either activation or inhibition effects on androgen biosynthesis, consideration should be taken for combined exposure to naturally occurring flavonoids and isoflavonoids and their potential additive or synergistic effects on steroidogenesis. Considering the entire data reported on the regulation of steroidogenesis by flavonoids and isoflavonoids, a structure-activity relationship may explain the differences in inhibition and activation of androgen production. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (20) was also reported to improve the expression levels of steroidogenic proteins (StAR, Hsd3b, and Cyp11a1) and of the LH receptor within the testes of mice exposed to cadmium, an important neuroendocrine disruptor . In addition, this anthocyanin also upregulated the activities of the MAPK and PKA signalling pathways , promoting steroid production. As a result, oxidative stress decreases the amount of circulating testosterone. Decreasing the FSH levels reduces the release of androgen binding protein from the Sertoli cells. There is also a significant decrease in LH and gonadotropin releasing hormone levels in case of chronic stress. The dosages used in the included studies varied widely, making an evaluation of safety and efficacy difficult. Moreover, several studies did not provide specific details of extracts as recommended by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (88), making duplication of those studies difficult. Also, the studies on fenugreek used 4 different extracts, with dosages ranging from 250 mg/d up to 600 mg/d. For example, the studies on ashwagandha used dosages ranging from 240 to 675 mg/d, with varying standardization and extraction processes and different sample types. Specifically, antioxidant components were scored as high (2), medium (1), and low (0) levels, respectively, while pro-oxidant components were scored inversely. This study analyzed de-identified data from NHANES, which obtained the National Center for Health Statistics institutional review board approval and participant consent during primary data collection (Protocol #2011–17). We hypothesize that there exists an inverse correlation between OBS and the risk of testosterone deficiency. Consequently, the potential association between overall oxidative-antioxidative status and low testosterone represents a promising area of investigation. In the adult male population of the United States, the prevalence of low testosterone is approximately 5.6%. The health concerns of males should not be overlooked or marginalized.